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:''For information on contemporary American Jewish culture, see [[Jewish American]].''
The '''history of the [[Jew]]s in the [[United States]]''' comprises a theological dimension, with a three-way division into Orthodoz, Conservative and Reform. In social terms the Jewish communisty began with small groups of merchants in colonial ports such as New York City and Charleston. In the mid and late 19th century well-educated German Jews arrived and settled in cities across the country. From 1880 to 1924 large numbers of Yiddish-speaking Jews arrived from Eastern Europe, settling in New York City and other large cities. After 1945 numbers came as refugees from Europe; after 1980 many came from the Soviet Union, and there has been a flow from Israel. [[Historical Jewish population comparisons|By the year 1900]] the 1.5 million Jews gave the United States third place in numbers, behind Russia and Austria-Hungary). The proportion of the population has been about 2 to 3% since 1900, but in the 21st century the Jews were widely diffused in major metropolitan areas in New York, Florida, California, New England and Illinois.
{{Jew}}
==American Revolution==
By 1776 and the War of Independence, around 2,000 Jews lived in America, most of them [[Sephardic]]. They played a significant role in the struggle for independence, including fighting against the British (the first Jew to die during the War was [[Francis Salvador]]). [[David Salisbury Franks]], an aide-de-camp of [[Benedict Arnold]], suffered from his association with the traitorious general despite loyal service in both the Continental Army and the American diplomatic corps. Jews also played a key role in financing the Revolution, with the most important of the financiers being [[Haym Salomon]].
President [[George Washington]] remembered the Jewish contribution when the first [[Touro Synagogue|synagogue]] opened in [[Newport, Rhode Island]] in 1790 in a letter, dated August 17, 1790:
"May the children of the stock of Abraham who dwell in the land continue to merit and enjoy the goodwill of the other inhabitants. While everyone shall sit safely under his own vine and fig-tree and there shall be none to make him afraid."
==19th century==
During this period (especially the [[1840]]s and [[1850]]s), Jewish immigration came primarily from Germany, bringing a liberal, educated population that had experience with the [[Haskalah]], or Jewish Enlightenment. It was in the United States during the 1800s that two of the major branches of Judaism were established by these German immigrants, including [[Reform Judaism]] (out of German Reform Judaism) and [[Conservative Judaism]], in reaction to the perceived liberalness of Reform Judaism.
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Jews made major contributions to the cultural, scientific, political, and economic life of the United States. For example, 37% of all United States [[Nobel Prize]] winners in the 20th century were Jewish. For more information on famous Jews and their contribution to the United States, see [[List of Jewish Americans]].
==Bibliography==
*
* Diner, Hasia. ''The Jews of the United States, 1654 to 2000'' [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106251087 (2004) online]
* Diner, Hasia. ''Her Works Praise Her: A History of Jewish Women in America from Colonial Times to the Present'' [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100925449 (2002) online]
* Feingold, Henry L. ''Zion in America: The Jewish Experience from Colonial Times to the Present'' [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=40909966 (1974) online]
* Feingold, Henry L. ''A Time for Searching: Entering the Mainstream: 1920-1945.'' Vol. 4 of The Jewish People in America. (1992)
* Howe, Irving. ''World of Our Fathers.'' (1976)
* Hyman, Paula E., and Deborah Dash Moore, eds. ''Jewish Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia,'' 2 vol. (1997).
* Kaplan, Dana Evan, ed. ''The Cambridge Companion to American Judaism'' (2005)
* Karp, Abraham, ed. ''The Jews in America: A Treasury of Art and Literature.'' Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, (1994)
* Moore, Deborah Dash. ''GI Jews: How World War II Changed a Generation'' (2006)
* Moore, Deborah Dash. ''At Home in America: Second Generation New York Jews.'' (1981).
* Morowska, Ewa. ''Insecure Prosperity: Small-Town Jews in Industrial America, 1890-1940'' (1996)
* Neu, Irene D. "The Jewish Businesswoman in America." ''American Jewish Historical Quarterly'' 66 (1976-1977): 137-153.
* Sarna, Jonathan D. ''American Judaism'' Yale University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-300-10197-X
* Shapiro, Edward S. ''A Time for Healing: American Jewry Since World War II.'' Vol. 5 of The Jewish People in America. (1992).
* Sorin, Gerald. ''A Time for Building: The Third Migration, 1880-1920.'' Vol. 3 of The Jewish People in America. (1992).
===Primary sources===
* Salo W. Baron and Joseph L. Blau, eds. ''The Jews of the United States, 1790-1840: A Documentary History.'' [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100716390 3 vol.(1963) online]
* Howe, Irving and Kenneth Libo, eds. ''How We Lived, 1880-1930: A Documentary History of Immigrant Jews in America'' [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=3069092 (1979) online]
* Marcus, Jacob Rader, ed. ''The Jew in the American World: A Source Book'' (1996.)
* Staub, Michael E. ed. ''The Jewish 1960s: An American Sourcebook'' University Press of New England, 2004; 371 pp. ISBN 1-58465-417-1 [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=314001162310076 online review]
==Links and references==
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp online Jewish encyclopedia]
* [http://www.ajhs.org American Jewish Historical Society]
*[http://www.dinur.org/resources/resourceCategoryDisplay.aspx?categoryid=804&rsid=478 Resources > Jewish communities > America > Northern America] The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
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